1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.

　　which 引导定语从句

　　so… that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语

　　2.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.

　　which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon

　　vegetation 植物

　　whereas = while 然而

　　alive意为“有活力的”，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有afraid， alone， alike， asleep， awake， aware等

　　in every respect 在每一个方面

　　3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.

　　to be flowing不定式作主语补语

　　concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea

　　4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.

　　Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数

　　Eg.Hundreds of meters

　　此处waters指的是“大片的水，水域”

　　peoples 表示人种

　　woods 表示森林，树木

　　5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.

　　三个定语从句，由under which 和 两个in which 引导，

　　第一个：under which different people live 修饰 circumstances

　　第二个：in which they live 修饰 the way

　　第三个：in which we live 修饰 the way

　　ought to = should 应该

　　business 责任，业务

　　it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances

　　目的状语从句，由so that引导

　　other lands 其它国家

　　6.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.

　　注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语

　　decide 判定

　　what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语

　　they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives

　　7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.

　　注意 the more …， the better…， the better … 比较结构

　　Unit 2 补充语法知识

　　that 与 which引导定语从句的异同点 ：

　　that不可引导非限制性定语从句 which可引导非限制性定语从句

　　that 不可用作介词宾语 which可用作介词宾语 介词+ which

　　in that “在于”， 是复合连词，非介词宾语

　　that 可以用于指代人或物 which不可以用于指代人

　　当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句

　　比如everything， anything， first， second等